This method could yield up to $1.4 trillion in secondary revenues over the next ten years. Accounting for feasibility considerations and discounting, this implies a ten-year potential global by-product stream value of up to $380 billion, of which gold (approximately $175 billion), copper (approximately $90 billion), and silver (approximately $26 billion) form the lion’s share.

Mckinsey estimates an industry-wide EBITDA of approximately $7 trillion over the next ten years - approximately $5 trillion when factoring in discounting. Typical NPI agreements will not exceed around 10 percent of total profits: this suggests a discounted ten-year potential mining NPI value of up to $340 billion, after accounting for streaming potential and accounting for the same set of commodities considered to have streaming potential.

Ports, rail, and power are the most obvious assets for potential tolling in mining. Considering only those privately held assets that might qualify for non-debt financing, McKinsey estimates up to $55 billion in discounted ten-year toll values from ports and rail and a further $15 billion in financing potential for alternative energy projects (primarily solar power), for a total of some $70 billion. This could represent a considerable opportunity for infrastructure investors looking for lower-risk assets in the sector.